Methods and apparatus for network capacity enhancement for wireless device coexistence

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatus for enhancing network capacity in a network comprising multiple wireless communication that overlap at least partly in frequency spectrum. In one embodiment, the apparatus comprises a portable device such as a laptop or smartphone having both a WLAN (e.g., Wi-Fi) interface and a PAN (e.g., Bluetooth) interface which each operate with approximately the same frequency range. One variant places the WLAN interface into a power-saving mode as a default, thereby mitigating interference with the PAN interface in cases where the WLAN interface is not in active use. In another variant, an aggressive PAN management algorithm is used to enforce network policy on the PAN interface, thereby mitigating interference between the PAN interface and the WLAN interfaces of other devices in the network (as well as the parent device). AP-based variants are also described. Methods of operation and doing business utilizing the aforementioned apparatus are also disclosed.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to co-owned and co-pending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/006,992 filed Jan. 7, 2008 and entitled “Methodand Apparatus for Wireless Device Coexistence”, the contents of whichare incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

COPYRIGHT

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains materialthat is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has noobjection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent documentor the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and TrademarkOffice patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyrightrights whatsoever.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of Invention

The present invention relates generally to the field of wirelesscommunication and data networks. More particularly, in one exemplaryaspect, the present invention is directed to compensating for ormitigating the effects of electromagnetic signal interference in devicesimplementing two or more wireless air interfaces or protocols.

2. Description of Related Technology

The effective implementation of convergence products has led to arevolution in the way consumers view computerized devices. These nextgeneration computerized devices focus on offering consumers asubstantially unified solution for a variety of services to whichconsumers have become accustomed. One example of such a convergedsolution is the exemplary M82 (“MacBook Air”) laptop computer or iPhone™each manufactured by the Assignee hereof, which support a variety ofwireless protocols and other functions. For instance, the iPhone™ hasthe capability of, among other things, sending and receiving emails overa wireless LAN (WLAN) network, making and receiving calls using a GSMcellular network, and operating wireless peripheral equipment (such aswireless headsets) using the Bluetooth (BT) protocol.

Converged Device Performance Issues

As technologies converge, implementation requirements and constraints,including cost, size, and antenna isolation in these hardware systemsinevitably will introduce difficulties that can potentially result in apoor user experience with the device. For example, both BT and WLAN(802.11b/g/n) share the same ISM band in the 2.4-2.8 GHz frequencyrange. Due to the close physical proximity of these wireless interfaces(including their antenna) in these converged or unified devices, the BTand WLAN technologies can interfere with each other when operatingsimultaneously, and can cause problems such as for example BT audiostutter and drop-outs, slow WLAN transfer speeds, poor BT mousetracking, etc.

Several solutions have been contemplated in the prior art to address theco-existence problems of co-located or proximate wireless technologies.For example, United States Patent Publication No. 20070099567 to Chen;et al. published May 3, 2007 and entitled “Methods and apparatus forproviding a platform coexistence system of multiple wirelesscommunication devices” discloses various embodiments of methods andapparatus for providing a platform coexistence system of multiplewireless communication devices.

United States Patent Publication No. 20070080781 to Ginzburg; et al.published Apr. 12, 2007 and entitled “Device, system and method ofcoordination among wireless transceivers” discloses devices, systems andmethods of coordination among wireless transceivers. For example, anapparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the invention includesfirst and second wireless transceivers, wherein the first wirelesstransceiver is to enter a non-transmission mode for a pre-defined timeperiod in response to an indication from the second wirelesstransceiver, and wherein one of the first and second wirelesstransceivers is to operate in a synchronous network and the other of thefirst and second wireless transceivers is to operate in anon-synchronous network.

United States Patent Publication No. 20070060055 to Desai; et al.published Mar. 15, 2007 and entitled “Method and system for antenna andradio front-end topologies for a system-on-a-chip (SOC) device thatcombines BT and IEEE 802.11b/g WLAN technologies” discloses a method andsystem for antenna and radio front-end topologies for a system-on-a-chip(SOC) device that combines BT and IEEE 802.11b/g WLAN technologies. Asingle chip radio device that supports WLAN and BT technologies receivesa WLAN signal in a WLAN processing circuitry of the radio front-end andin a BT processing circuitry of the radio front-end. Signals generatedby the WLAN processing circuitry and the BT processing circuitry fromthe received WLAN signal may be combined in a diversity combiner thatutilizes selection diversity gain combining or maximal ratio combining(MRC). When a generated signal is below a threshold value, the signalmay be dropped from the combining operation. A single antenna usagemodel may be utilized with the single chip radio device front-endtopology to support WLAN and BT communications.

United States Patent Publication No. 20060274704 to Desai; et al.published Dec. 7, 2006 and entitled “Method and apparatus forcollaborative coexistence between BT and IEEE 802.11g with bothtechnologies integrated onto a system-on-a-chip (SOC) device” disclosesa method and system for collaborative coexistence between BT and IEEE802.11g with both technologies integrated onto an SOC device. In asingle integrated circuit (IC) that handles BT and WLAN technologies, aWLAN priority level may be selected for WLAN transmissions and a BTpriority level may be selected for BT transmissions. The WLAN and BTpriority levels may be selected from a plurality of priority levels. Apacket transfer scheduler (PTS) may schedule the transmission of WLANand BT signals in accordance with the selected priority levels. In someinstances, the PTS may promote or demote the priority levels for WLANand/or BT transmissions based on traffic needs.

United States Patent Publication No. 20060133259 to Lin; et al.published Jun. 22, 2006 and entitled “Interference rejection in wirelessreceivers” discloses a wireless system which mitigates the effects ofinterference through updating noise variance estimates. Noise varianceestimates may be updated after the reception of a preamble in an OFDMreceiver.

United States Patent Publication No. 20060084383 to Ibrahim; et al.published Apr. 20, 2006 entitled “Method and system for co-located IEEE802.11 B/G WLAN, and BT with FM in coexistent operation” discloses amethod and system for co-located IEEE 802.11 b/g WLAN, and BT (BT) withFM in coexistent operation are provided. A single chip comprising anintegrated BT radio and an integrated FM radio in a coexistence stationmay generate a priority signal to disable WLAN transmissions in a WLANradio when a BT HV3 frame is available for transmission. When thepriority signal is asserted, an exponentially growing retransmissionbackoff mechanism in the WLAN radio may be disabled. Moreover, when theBT radio and the WLAN radio are enabled for coexistence operation, aWLAN fragmentation threshold in the WLAN radio may be modified based ona WLAN modulation rate and the BT HV3 frame duration. An on-chipprocessor that time multiplexes FM and BT data processing may beutilized to control the BT radio operation and the FM radio operation inthe single chip.

United States Patent Publication No. 20060030266 to Desai; et al.published Feb. 9, 2006 and entitled “Method and system for achievingenhanced quality and higher throughput for co-located IEEE 802.11B/G andBT devices in coexistent operation” discloses a method and system forachieving enhanced quality and higher throughput for co-located IEEE802.11b/g and BT (BT) devices in coexistent operation are provided. Apriority signal may be generated by a BT radio in a coexistence stationto disable WLAN transmissions in a WLAN radio when a BT HV3 frame isavailable for transmission. When the priority signal is asserted, anexponentially growing retransmission backoff mechanism in the WLAN radiomay be disabled. Moreover, when the BT radio and the WLAN radio areenabled for coexistence operation, a WLAN fragmentation threshold in theWLAN radio may be modified based on a WLAN modulation rate and the BTHV3 frame duration.

United States Patent Publication No. 20060030265 to Desai, et al.published Feb. 9, 2006 entitled “Method and system for sharing a singleantenna on platforms with co-located BT and IEEE 802.11b/g devices”discloses a method and system for sharing a single antenna on platformswith co-located BT and IEEE 802.11b/g devices. A single antenna may beutilized for communication of BT HV3 frame traffic and wireless localarea network (WLAN) communication based on a time multiplexing approach.At least one antenna switch may be utilized to configure an antennasystem to enable BT and WLAN coexistence via the single antenna.Configuration signals may be generated by a BT radio device and/or by aWLAN radio device to configure the antenna system. A defaultconfiguration for the antenna system may provide WLAN communicationbetween a station and a WLAN access point until BT communication becomesa priority.

United States Patent Publication No. 20050215197 to Chen, et al.published Sep. 29, 2005 and entitled “Apparatus and methods forcoexistence of co-located wireless local area network and BT based ondynamic fragmentation of WLAN packets” discloses an 802.11-enableddevice may fragment an 802.11 packet into smaller packets and transmitthe smaller packets instead of the 802.11 to lessen interference with BTsynchronized connection-oriented communication of a co-located or nearbyBT-enabled device.

In another approach, the Cisco Technologies, Inc. Radio ResourceManagement (RRM) technology is implemented in an Access Point (AP). RRMaddresses co-channel interference when two APs use the same channel. Inthis case, the overall network capacities within these two APs are halfof the network capacity if the two channels are assigned withnon-overlap channels. The Cisco Dynamic Channel Assignment capabilitycan assign an AP with a different channel to increase network capacity.However, the RRM technology does not address issues with convergenceproducts such as those previously described, and also relies on the APto manage co-channel interference.

Wireless Network Performance Issues

In addition to interference within a convergence device offering two ormore different wireless protocols, the use of these protocols can alsoaffect the performance of the underlying wireless network (e.g. the LAN,PAN, etc.) itself. For example, BT clients operate in the sameunlicensed frequency band as other wireless protocol technologies suchas Wi-Fi and as multiple BT devices can communicate with a single BTmodule in the network, BT devices can potentially occupy 100% of theduty cycle for its own PAN network. Further, the latest BT technologiesonly deliver up to about 3 Mbps (extended data rate or EDR, perBluetooth version 2.0) in the physical layer versus a Wireless LANdevice that can easily deliver in excess of 100 Mbps in a Multiple In,Multiple Out (MIMO) system. When two asymmetric or heterogeneous devicesexist in the same network (e.g. BT and Wi-Fi), network capacity canoften be dominated by the slower device (from the client-sideperspective).

Several existing BT stereo headphones operating in Advanced AudioDistribution Profile (A2DP) reserve more bandwidth than is needed fortheir operation, especially headphones with BT version 1.2 (up to 1Mbps). As a result, such devices may further reduce network capacity intheir operating frequency band that is also shared with the WLAN(assuming that the client prioritizes the A2DP packets). Current networkcapacity protection schemes, such as a power saving (PS) mode and theCTS2SELF scheme, only work if the BT device has a very limited dutycycle. These schemes cannot prevent BT overuse and misbehavior.

In the context of Wi-Fi, WLAN driver chipsets (such as for example thosemanufactured by Broadcom, Inc., such as the BCM 4325) typically operatewithout a power saving mode (e.g., “PM=0”) when the underlying device isconnected to a power supply (i.e. a 120V/240V wall outlet), and operatein a power saving mode (“PM=2”) when the device is operating underbattery power. Understandably, this default setting has been desirablein the past for most applications as the users of these WLAN driverchipsets want to efficiently manage both device latency and powerconsumption to maximize the user experience. While these defaultsettings have their benefits, it is noted that in the context of adevice which also utilizes BT, the overall network capacity (LAN, PAN,etc.) suffers as a result of using the default settings in many WLANdriver chipsets. WLAN driver chipset makers have attempted to addressWLAN/BT coexistence for a co-located system, and they have also providedseveral solutions to improve network capacity. However, these prior artattempts assume that BT only has an SCO (synchronousconnection-oriented) link, which occupies about a third of the totalbandwidth, leaving about two-thirds of the bandwidth to the WLAN. TheA2DP duty cycle has not been considered under these models, nor has thecombination of multiple BT devices connected to the same system. Inessence, these prior art approaches have very limited schemes with theprimary aim of assuring BT device operation, as opposed to maintaining acertain quality level for the network(s) as a whole.

Accordingly, improved methods and apparatus are needed for enhancingcapacity in networks that comprise two or more wireless technologiesthat at least partly operate in the same frequency bands. Ideally, suchimproved methods and apparatus would promote the existence of a “goodneighborhood” by monitoring the behavior of wireless modules within agiven converged device, as well as the behavior of other devices in thenetwork, and dynamically adjusting operating behaviors in order tobenefit the network as a whole. This holistic approach benefits not onlythe converged device implementing the policies, but also the broadernetwork.

In the context of an exemplary BT/WLAN coexistence device andnetwork(s), such improved apparatus and methods would ideally implementan aggressive duty cycle control scheme, and improve network capacityand user experience by monitoring factors such as, inter alia: (1)network traffic, including its own network traffic; (2) the number ofclients connected to the network access point (AP); (3) the percentageof traffic going to WLAN; (4) the percentage of traffic going to the BTinterface; and (5) the device received signal strength indication(RSSI).

Such improved methods and apparatus would also ultimately provide theusers of the network with the best use experience possible bydynamically adjusting the client device duty cycle, while offeringconverged services in a unified client device in a space- andpower-efficient manner.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention satisfies the foregoing needs by providing, interalia, methods and apparatus for enhancing network capacity in a wirelesssystem or device with co-existing air interfaces.

In a first aspect of the invention, a method of operating a portabledevice comprising at least first and second air interfaces that arecontentious for at least a portion of a frequency spectrum, the methodcomprising: operating the first air interface so as to communicate datausing the at least portion of the frequency spectrum; operating thesecond air interface so that it defaults to a power saving mode when notin use, the power saving mode mitigating interference with the firstinterface within the at least portion of the spectrum.

In one variant, the operation of the second air interface so that itdefaults to the power saving mode is conducted irrespective of whetherthe portable device is coupled to an external power source, or operatingonly on an internal power source.

In another variant, the operating the first air interface using the atleast portion of the frequency spectrum comprises operating aBluetooth-compliant air interface using a portion of the spectrumlocated at least proximate to a frequency of 2.4 GHz; and the operatingthe second air interface comprises operating a Wi-Fi-compliant airinterface. The power saving mode comprises e.g., Wi-Fi power saving mode2 (PM=2).

In yet another variant, the operating the second air interface so thatit defaults to a power saving mode when not in use reduces a duty cycleof the second air interface, the reduced duty cycle mitigating theinterference, but also adding at least some latency to at least one ofdata transmission or reception using the second air interface.

In a second aspect of the invention, a method of operating a portabledevice is disclosed. In one embodiment, the device comprises at leastfirst and second air interfaces that are contentious for at least aportion of a frequency spectrum, and the method comprises operating thesecond air interface so that it defaults to a power-saving mode ofoperation regardless of the power supply to the portable device, thepower-saving mode resulting in reduced interference with the first airinterface when the first air interface is operating in an active mode,the reduced interference comprising a trade-off with an increasedlatency of active-mode operation of the second interface.

In a third aspect of the invention, network apparatus is disclosed. Inone embodiment, the apparatus comprises: a first wireless module incommunication with a first network operating according to a firstwireless protocol; a second wireless module in communication with asecond network operating according to a second wireless protocol, thesecond wireless protocol being different than the first wirelessprotocol; a management module adapted to receive first data relating toa duty cycle of at least one of the first and second wireless protocolmodules, the management module adapted to dynamically adjust anoperating parameter of at least one of the first and the second wirelessprotocol modules in response to the received first data.

In one variant, the second wireless module comprises a plurality ofoperating modes, and the dynamic adjustment of the operating parametercomprises dynamic selection of individual ones of the plurality ofoperating modes of the second module. For example, each of the pluralityof operating modes of the second module comprise a priority level for agiven operating profile, the priority level varying between theplurality of operating modes. The first wireless protocol comprises anIEEE-Std. 802.11 wireless protocol, the second wireless protocolcomprises a Bluetooth protocol, and the given operating profilecomprises the A2DP operating profile.

In a fourth aspect of the invention, a portable device is disclosed. Inone embodiment, the device comprises: a first wireless module incommunication with a first network operating under a first wirelessprotocol; a second wireless module in communication with a secondnetwork operating under a second wireless protocol; and a managementmodule adapted to receive: first data related to a duty cycle of atleast one of the first and second wireless protocol modules; and seconddata related to an operational profile of the first network. Themanagement module is adapted to dynamically adjust at least oneoperating parameter of the first or the second wireless protocol modulesbased at least in part on the first and second data.

In one variant, the operation profile of the first network comprises thenumber of users on the first network.

In another variant, the management module is configured to select afirst operating parameter if the number of users is greater than one,and a select a second operating parameter if the number of users isequal to one.

In a further variant, the operation profile of the first networkcomprises a received signal strength indication associated with thefirst network.

In yet another variant, the operating parameter comprises a plurality ofdiscrete modes, at least one of the plurality of discrete modesdisabling an operational profile or mode of the second wireless module.

In a further variant, the first wireless protocol comprises an IEEE-Std.802.11 wireless protocol, the second wireless protocol comprisesBluetooth, and the operational profile or mode comprises the A2DPoperational profile.

In still another variant, the first module comprises a Wi-Fi module, thesecond module comprises a Bluetooth module, and the portable devicecomprises a laptop or handheld computer having a clamshell-like outerhousing, the maximal thickness of the housing when in a closed statebeing less than 0.80 inches.

Alternatively, the first module may comprise a Wi-Fi module, the secondmodule comprises a Bluetooth module, and the portable device comprises ahandheld computerized device having a cellular telephony interface and atouch screen user interface.

In a fifth aspect of the invention, a portable computerized apparatusadapted for powering by a fixed power supply or a portable power supplyis disclosed. In one embodiment, the apparatus comprises: a firstwireless module adapted for communication with one or more externaldevices using a first wireless protocol; a first management module insignal communication with the first wireless module; and a secondwireless module adapted for communication with one or more externaldevices using a second wireless protocol, the second wireless protocoldifferent than the first wireless protocol. The first management modulecomprises a default value comprising a power saving mode, the defaultvalue implemented whether or not the portable computerized apparatus ispowered by the fixed power supply or the portable power supply.

In one variant, the first wireless protocol comprises a Bluetoothprotocol, and the second wireless protocol comprises a Wi-Fi protocol.

In a sixth aspect of the invention, a method of enhancing networkcapacity is disclosed. In one embodiment, the method comprises:determining an amount of network traffic existing on at least onenetwork of a plurality of networks, wherein each network in theplurality of networks operates in a portion of a frequency spectrum thatoverlaps with that of the other; and adjusting the amount of resourcesallocated to applications requesting access to at least one of theplurality of networks, wherein the adjustment is based at least in partupon the act of determining.

In one variant, the plurality of networks comprises two wirelessnetworks using heterogeneous wireless protocols. For example, theheterogeneous wireless protocols may comprise a Bluetooth protocol and aWi-Fi protocol, and the at least portion of the spectrum comprisesapproximately 2.4 GHz.

In another variant, the amount of network traffic comprises the numberof users on the at least one network.

In yet another variant, the amount of network traffic comprises a dutycycle of a device operating in the at least one network.

In a further variant, the acts of determining and adjusting areperformed by a single device. Alternatively, the acts of determining andadjusting may be performed by two different devices. As yet anotheralternative, the act of determining is performed wholly by a first ofthe two different devices, and the adjusting is performed wholly by asecond of two different devices. One of the two different devicescomprises e.g., an access point or gateway for the other discrete deviceto another network.

In a seventh aspect of the invention, a computer readable apparatus isdisclosed. In one embodiment, the apparatus comprises a storage mediumadapted to store a plurality of instructions which, when executed by acomputerized device, perform the method comprising: evaluating the usageof a first wireless module in signal communication with a first network;and modifying the behavior of a second wireless module based at least inpart on the act of evaluating, the modifying mitigating interferencebetween the first and second modules.

In one variant, evaluating the usage comprises: determining a duty cycleassociated with a first wireless module; evaluating the duty cycle todetermine whether it exceeds a threshold value; and if the thresholdvalue is exceeded, performing the modifying, the modifying comprisingreducing a duty cycle of the second module.

In another variant, the method further comprises evaluating the usage ofthe second module, and the act of modifying comprises modifying based onthe evaluating of both the usage of the first module and the usage ofthe second module.

In yet another variant, the method further comprises determining anindication related to a received signal strength for the computerizeddevice.

In another variant, the method further comprises: comparing theindication of the received signal strength to a threshold value; anddetermining the number of clients in communication with an access pointof the first network if the indication exceeds the value. Determiningthe number of clients comprises for example: sending a message or signalto an access point or gateway of the first network; and receiving amessage or signal in response to the sending, the received message orsignal comprising data relating to the number of clients.

In an eighth aspect of the invention, a method of operating a portablewireless device comprising a plurality of differing wireless modules isdisclosed. In one embodiment, each module operates at least party withina same frequency spectrum, and the method comprises: implementing adefault power save mode for a first of the plurality of wireless modulesof the device; implementing a first operating parameter for a second ofthe modules; evaluating a receiver signal strength associated with thefirst wireless module against a predetermined threshold; evaluating afirst duty cycle parameter associated with the first wireless module;evaluating a second duty cycle parameter associated with the secondwireless module; and adjusting the first operating parameter based atleast in part on at least one of the acts of evaluating.

In a ninth aspect of the invention, an access point adapted tocommunicate with a plurality of client devices within a wireless networkis disclosed. In one embodiment, the access point comprises: first logicadapted to evaluate usage within the first wireless network; and secondlogic adapted to cause communication with at least one of the pluralityof client devices, the communication causing the at least one device tomodify the operational behavior of a second air interface thereof whichis not part of the first wireless network.

In one variant, the first network comprises a Wi-Fi network, the secondair interface comprises a Bluetooth-compliant interface, and themodification of the operational behavior comprises dynamically selectingone of a plurality of operating modes associated with theBluetooth-compliant interface.

In a tenth aspect of the invention, methods of doing business based onthe aforementioned apparatus and techniques are also disclosed.

Other features and advantages of the present invention will immediatelybe recognized by persons of ordinary skill in the art with reference tothe attached drawings and detailed description of exemplary embodimentsas given below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A illustrates the radio frequency (RF) duty cycle associated witha typical Bluetooth (BT) peripheral device such as a BT mouse or BTkeyboard.

FIG. 1B illustrates the radio frequency (RF) duty cycle associated witha typical BT headset utilizing a Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO)protocol link.

FIG. 1C illustrates the radio frequency (RF) duty cycle associated withone exemplary BT headset utilizing the Advanced Audio DistributionProfile (A2DP) protocol.

FIG. 1D illustrates the radio frequency (RF) duty cycle associated witha second BT headset utilizing the A2DP protocol.

FIG. 1E illustrates the radio frequency (RF) duty cycle associated witha third BT headset utilizing the A2DP protocol.

FIG. 2 is block diagram illustrating an exemplary network architectureutilized in connection with the network enhancement apparatus of thepresent invention.

FIG. 2A is a functional block diagram illustrating a first exemplaryWLAN/BT enabled apparatus utilizing interference effects mitigation, andbeing adapted for network capacity enhancement in accordance with theprinciples of the present invention.

FIG. 2B is a functional block diagram illustrating an exemplary WLAN/BTenabled apparatus adapted for network capacity enhancement in accordancewith the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 2C is a functional block diagram illustrating a second exemplaryWLAN/BT enabled apparatus adapted for network capacity enhancement inaccordance with the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 2D is a functional block diagram illustrating a third exemplaryWLAN/BT enabled apparatus in communication with an access point (e.g.,Wi-Fi AP) comprising network capacity enhancement in accordance with theprinciples of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a logical flow diagram illustrating a first exemplary methodfor implementing network capacity enhancement in a network comprisingmultiple overlapping wireless protocols.

FIG. 4 is a logical flow diagram illustrating a second exemplary methodfor implementing network capacity enhancement in a network comprisingmultiple overlapping wireless protocols.

FIG. 5 is a logical flow diagram illustrating a third exemplary methodfor implementing network capacity enhancement in a network comprisingmultiple overlapping wireless protocols.

FIG. 6 is a logical flow diagram illustrating a first exemplary methodof doing business in which a user is permitted to select from among aplurality of configuration options for a WLAN/BT enabled apparatus.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As used herein, the term “Bluetooth” refers without limitation to anydevice, software, interface or technique that complies with one or moreof the Bluetooth technical standards, including Bluetooth CoreSpecification Version 1.2, Version 2.0, and Version 2.1+ EDR.

As used herein, the terms “client device” and “end user device” include,but are not limited to, personal computers (PCs), such as for example aniMac™, Mac Pro™, Mac Minim, MacBook™ or MacBook™ Air, and minicomputers,whether desktop, laptop, or otherwise, as well as mobile devices such ashandheld computers, such as for example an iPhone™, PDAs, video cameras,set-top boxes, personal media devices (PMDs), or any combinations of theforegoing.

As used herein, the term “co-located” refers to two or more devices orcomponents which are physically proximate to one another; for example,so as to cause at least some level of interference with the operation ofat least one of the devices/components.

As used herein, the term “computer program” or “software” is meant toinclude any sequence or human or machine cognizable steps which performa function. Such program may be rendered in virtually any programminglanguage or environment including, for example, C/C++, Fortran, COBOL,PASCAL, assembly language, markup languages (e.g., HTML, SGML, XML,VoXML), and the like, as well as object-oriented environments such asthe Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), Java™ (includingJ2ME, Java Beans, etc.), Binary Runtime Environment (BREW), and thelike.

As used herein, the term “integrated circuit (IC)” refers to any type ofdevice having any level of integration (including without limitationULSI, VLSI, and LSI) and irrespective of process or base materials(including, without limitation Si, SiGe, CMOS and GaAs). ICs mayinclude, for example, memory devices (e.g., DRAM, SRAM, DDRAM,EEPROM/Flash, ROM), digital processors, SoC devices, FPGAs, ASICs, ADCs,DACs, transceivers, memory controllers, and other devices, as well asany combinations thereof.

As used herein, the term “memory” includes any type of integratedcircuit or other storage device adapted for storing digital dataincluding, without limitation, ROM. PROM, EEPROM, DRAM, SDRAM, DDR/2SDRAM, EDO/FPMS, RLDRAM, SRAM, “flash” memory (e.g., NAND/NOR), andPSRAM.

As used herein, the terms “microprocessor” and “digital processor” aremeant generally to include all types of digital processing devicesincluding, without limitation, digital signal processors (DSPs), reducedinstruction set computers (RISC), general-purpose (CISC) processors,microprocessors, gate arrays (e.g., FPGAs), PLDs, reconfigurable computefabrics (RCFs), array processors, secure microprocessors, andapplication-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Such digitalprocessors may be contained on a single unitary IC die, or distributedacross multiple components.

As used herein, the terms “network” and “bearer network” refer generallyto any type of data, telecommunications or other network including,without limitation, data networks (including MANs, PANs, WANs, LANs,WLANs, micronets, piconets, internets, and intranets), hybrid fiber coax(HFC) networks, satellite networks, cellular networks, and telconetworks. Such networks or portions thereof may utilize any one or moredifferent topologies (e.g., ring, bus, star, loop, etc.), transmissionmedia (e.g., wired/RF cable, RF wireless, millimeter wave, optical,etc.) and/or communications or networking protocols (e.g., SONET,DOCSIS, IEEE Std. 802.3, 802.11, 802.20, ATM, X.25, Frame Relay, 3GPP,3GPP2, WAP, SIP, UDP, FTP, RTP/RTCP, H.323, etc.).

As used herein, the term “network interface” refers to any signal, data,or software interface with a component, network or process including,without limitation, those of the FireWire (e.g., FW400, FW800, etc.),USB (e.g., USB2), Ethernet (e.g., 10/100, 10/100/1000 (GigabitEthernet), 10-Gig-E, etc.), MoCA, Serial ATA (e.g., SATA, e-SATA,SATAII), Ultra-ATA/DMA, Coaxsys (e.g., TVnet™), radio frequency tuner(e.g., in-band or OOB, cable modem, etc.), Wi-Fi (802.11a, b, g, n),WiMAX (802.16), PAN (802.15), or IrDA families.

As used herein, the term “Wi-Fi” refers to, without limitation, any ofthe variants of ANSI/IEEE-Std. 802.11 (“Informationtechnology—Telecommunications and information exchange betweensystems—Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements—Part11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)Specifications”) or related standards including 802.11a/b/e/g/n, each ofthe foregoing being incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

As used herein, the term “wireless” means any wireless signal, data,communication, or other interface including without limitation Wi-Fi,Bluetooth™, 3G, HSDPA/HSUPA, TDMA, CDMA (e.g., IS-95A, WCDMA, etc.),FHSS, DSSS, GSM, PAN/802.15, WiMAX (802.16), MWBA (802.20),narrowband/FDMA, OFDM, PCS/DCS, analog cellular, CDPD, satellitesystems, millimeter wave or microwave systems, acoustic, and infrared(i.e., IrDA).

Overview

The present invention discloses, inter alia, methods and apparatus forenhancing the operation and capacity of a network having associateddevices with multiple air interfaces that share bandwidth within aspectral (frequency) band. For example, many portable computing orelectronic devices utilize multiple air interfaces for differentpurposes (e.g., WLAN and PAN), yet these interfaces may interfere withone another (and those of other proximate devices) under certaincircumstances. This interference can adversely impact the performanceand user experience of the affected devices, such as by reducing WLANdata rates.

In one variant of the present invention, the improved portable device ismade to operate in a power-saving mode at all times (irrespective ofwhether the device is utilizing battery power, DC power supplied from anAC wall or inductive converter, or both), such that the WLAN interfacemust in effect be “woken up” whenever a data transmission/reception ofsignificance is required. This way, the WLAN's use of the conflictingfrequency spectrum (e.g., 2.4 GHz) is minimized in favor of use of thatsame spectrum by the client's BT device(s) such as wireless headset,mouse, keyboard, etc.

In another variant, the foregoing interference mitigation scheme isfurther enhanced by management of various operational modes for the BTinterface, in effect throttling the BT interface's use of the spectrumwhen such use would negatively impact WLAN use of the spectrum by thedevice, or other WLAN users in proximity (e.g., on the same AP). Thismanagement scheme can be made dependent upon one or more operationalcriteria, such as for example the level of network traffic, number ofuser, and so forth. Depending on these operational criteria, differingoperating rules are implemented so as to achieve the goal of providingthe users of the network with the best overall user experience possible,and having their devices act as “good neighbors” to other local devicesby minimizing interference within the common spectrum.

In the context of one exemplary WLAN/BT implementation, the portable orclient device proactively monitor its own network traffic as well asoptionally seek out information regarding the number of clientsconnected within the same network (i.e. number of users connected to anAP) as well as monitor its own received signal strength indication(RSSI). The device determines how much of its network traffic goesbetween the two competing wireless protocols, and adjusts its WLAN/BTcoexistence scheme accordingly. This exemplary implementation alsoprovides a seamless user experience, allowing for an effectivelyinvisible and automatic dynamic optimization by the device (oralternatively one with any degree of user/developer involvement that isdesired, such as via a software-based user interface).

The present invention may also be used in complementary fashion to theexemplary solutions for mitigating the effects of co-existing airinterfaces (in the context of a single device) that are described inco-owned and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/006,992entitled “Method and Apparatus for Wireless Device Coexistence”,previously incorporated herein. Specifically, various aspects of thepresent invention extend the sphere of management consideration beyondjust the individual client device, and to the local wireless network asa whole (including as noted above other wireless devices that are partof the same local network), thereby providing a device not only whoseinternal multiple air interfaces are more harmonious with one another,but which also enforces harmony with other devices on the network.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are now described indetail. While these embodiments are primarily discussed in the contextof BT and WLAN coexistence scheme, it will be recognized by those ofordinary skill that the present invention is not limited to any twoparticular wireless protocols. In fact, the principles discussed hereinare equally applicable to any number of wireless protocols which atleast partly share frequency spectrum, and with which antenna isolationor spectrum bandwidth problems occur as a result of the two wirelessprotocol implementations being substantially co-located with oneanother. For example, the Apple TV™ digital media receiver sold andmarketed by the Assignee hereof, utilizes both WLAN 802.11 and wirelessuniversal serial bus (USB) air interfaces. The WLAN and wireless USBinterfaces share the same spectrum (i.e., ISM band), and hence couldalso benefit from the coexistence solutions discussed subsequentlyherein. Myriad other combinations of different air interfaces utilizingat least a portion of the same spectrum will also be recognized by theordinary artisan given this disclosure.

Moreover, while discussed primarily in the context of a basictwo-interface or protocol topology, it is recognized that othertopologies (e.g., three-protocol, etc.) may be used consistent with theinvention. For instance, WLAN, BT, and wireless USB could conceivably beused simultaneously and could benefit from the coexistence solutionsdiscussed subsequently herein. Such a system might integrate e.g., WLANfor wireless networking, BT for personal area devices, FTP, ornetworking (PAN), and wireless USB (for remote controller, HID mouse andkeyboard), etc., all within the same portable device.

Additionally, it will be appreciated that the methods and apparatus ofthe invention may be applied to situations where more than twointerfaces are co-located or proximate, but not necessarily operated allat the same time. For instance, in one variant of the invention, a userdevice is configured with three (3) distinct air interfaces (labeled“A”, “B” and “C” for purposes of this discussion), yet the most commonoperating mode for the user device is where only two of the threeinterfaces are operated simultaneously. Depending on which of the threeinterfaces are being operated at a given time, the policies or rulesapplied may be different. For example, interface A might havesignificant mutual interference issues with interface B, but not withinterface C. Similarly, interface C might have significant issues withinterface B, but not A. So, the present invention explicitlycontemplates the dynamic selection and application of one or moreoperating policies or configurations based on a determination of whichinterfaces are operating at a given time.

Exemplary Bluetooth Device Duty Cycles—

Referring now to FIGS. 1A-1E, exemplary duty cycles associated withvarious Bluetooth-enabled devices commonly used with computerizeddevices are shown and described in detail. These duty cycles wereobtained by the Assignee hereof using an Agilent Technologies EPM-PSeries Power Meter Analyzer, although it will be recognized that suchduty cycles and Analyzer are merely illustrative of the broaderprinciples of the invention.

Specifically, FIG. 1A illustrates the power output of a BT-enabledperipheral device (i.e. mouse/keyboard). Of particular significance withrespect to FIG. 1A is that the peripheral device duty cycle onlyoccupies about 0.143 ms out of every 11.25 ms of time, and that itsusage is quite regular (periodic) when the peripheral device is active.Hence, the illustrated device has a comparatively small and highlyregular spectral “footprint” when in use.

FIG. 1B illustrates a BT device (such as a headset) operating with aSynchronous Connection Oriented (SCO) link. As is well known, SCOcomprises one of the two BT data link types defined in the BTspecification(s). This type of link is used primarily to transport SCOpackets (voice data) that do not include a cyclic redundancy check (CRC)and are never retransmitted. A BT SCO link possesses about a one-third(⅓) duty cycle, as it normally uses HV3 packets that occupy 2 slots ofevery 6 available ( 2/6=⅓). As with the device of FIG. 1A, the dutycycle of the BT SCO link of FIG. 1B is quite regular when the peripheraldevice is active, albeit with a larger footprint.

FIGS. 1C-1E illustrate various BT headset devices operating with anAdvanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP). A2DP devices and their dutycycles are highly dependent on the individual vendor's implementations.The A2DP defines how high-quality audio may be transferred over a BTconnection, and is designed for example to transfer a two-channel audiostream. As can be seen from FIGS. 1C-1E, the duty cycle can varyanywhere from 20% of duty cycle (for an exemplary Dell Inc. BT 2.0 EDRheadset in FIG. 1E) to over 60% of duty cycle (Jabra BT 1.2 headset ofFIG. 1C). FIG. 1D (Plantronics BT 1.2 headset) shows yet anotherexemplary duty cycle. Also of note with respect to FIGS. 1C-1E is thefact that usage is quite irregular when the peripheral device is active.

Apparatus and System—

Referring now to FIG. 2, exemplary network architecture 200 utilized inconjunction with the apparatus and methods of the present invention areshown and described in detail.

In the network architecture 200 shown, a WLAN access point (AP) 206provides services to a plurality of WLAN STA devices 208, 210, 212. AWLAN/BT enabled client device 202 also is being serviced by the AP 206.One or more BT peripheral devices 204 are also co-located with thenetwork 200 (i.e., within BT communication range, typically about 30feet or so depending on conditions) and in communication with theWLAN/BT enabled client device 202.

In addition, while FIG. 2 illustrates a single WLAN/BT enabled clientdevice 202, it is envisioned that the present invention would be usefulin the context of a network architecture where multiple WLAN/BT enabledclient devices 202 were utilized.

Further, as discussed subsequently herein, the present invention isuseful in architectures wherein a single WLAN/BT enabled client deviceis utilized in a network without other WLAN STA devices present.

Referring now to FIGS. 2A-2D, exemplary apparatus 230, 250, 270, 290implementing co-located WLAN/BT modules with network capacityenhancement apparatus are shown and described in detail. These apparatus230, 250, 270, 290 will generally be implemented within a single clientdevice (e.g., laptop computer, smartphone, PDA, etc.) such that the WLANmodule 240 and the BT module 246 are substantially co-located with oneanother. However, it will be recognized that the different modules mayalso reside in different physical devices which themselves are proximateto one another. These differing architectures are examples of apparatususeful for implementing the methodology of the present inventiondiscussed subsequently herein below.

The client device apparatus 230 shown in FIG. 2A comprises combinedsoftware 232 and hardware 234 elements which together dynamically managethe duty cycle of the device with both the air interfaces (e.g., WLANmodule 235 and BT module 236) operating in close spatial proximity toone another. The software portion 232 of the apparatus 230 comprisesmanagement software 238, a WLAN driver 240, and coexistence microcode242 for WLAN, as well as a BT stack 243, and coexistence firmware 244for BT. A management path 245 between the software portions of the WLANand BT portions of the system 230 is also provided. In one variant, theaforementioned management path 245 comprises a software interface (e.g.,API) of the type well known in the software arts, although otherapproaches may be used as well.

The management software 238 can handle a plurality of managementfunctions such as, e.g. implementing a power-saving mode (PSM) for theWLAN module 235 of the type previously described herein. The WLAN driver240 is in communication with the management software 238 so that thesoftware 238 can implement the desired PSM. As is well known, the WLANdriver 240 acts as a communication interface between higher levelcomputer processes (such as the WLAN management software 238) with theWLAN hardware. The WLAN module 235 itself acts as the physical hardwarenecessary to implement the WLAN air interface functionality.

On the BT side of the illustrated apparatus of FIG. 2A, the BT softwarestack 243 comprises an implementation of the BT protocol (see, e.g., BTCore Specification v2.1+EDR dated Jul. 26, 2007 {Bluetooth SIG},incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), thereby allowingflexible implementation of a plurality of different BT profiles. Theseprofiles can include for example software for a BT enabled headset, orfor a BT enabled I/O device such as a keyboard or mouse; see, e.g., BTAdvanced Audio Distribution Profile 1.2 dated 16 Apr. 2007; BTAudio/Video Remote Control Profile 1.3 dated 16 Apr. 2007; BT BasicImaging Profile (BIP) dated 25 Jul. 2003; BT Basic Printing Profile(BPP) 1.2 dated 27 Apr. 2006; BT Common ISDN Access Profile (CIP) dated16 Nov. 2002; BT Cordless Telephony Profile (CTP) dated 22 Feb. 2001;and BT Device Identification Profile (DD) 1.3 dated 26 Jul. 2007, eachof the foregoing incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Otherprofiles may be used as well.

The BT stack 243 is further in communication with coexistence firmware244, the latter which is communication with the BT module 236. The BTmodule 236 comprises the BT radio hardware (PHY). The BT stack 243 isalso in communication with the management software 238. The managementsoftware 238 is able to implement aggressive duty cycle control schemes(e.g. btc_mode=0, 1, 2, etc.) for the BT module 236 as will be discussedmore fully subsequently herein.

Another feature of the apparatus 230 of FIG. 2A is the softwarecommunications management path 245 between the WLAN and BT. This issignificant, in that it permits the implementation of a closed-loopsolution between the WLAN module 235 and the BT module 236 for managinginterference within the device 230 itself. In the illustratedembodiment, this management path 245 permits the BT module to read theWLAN channel, as well as permit the management software to send an AFH(adaptive frequency hopping) command to the BT module 236. While thepresent embodiment illustrates a one-way communications path betweenWLAN and BT systems, it is further envisioned that in some embodimentsit may be desirable to have this software communications path 245 bebi-directional. Moreover, other types of management inputs areenvisioned, including for example inputs as to the status of othermodules or processes within the host device.

In terms of a hardware communications path between the WLAN module 235and the BT module 236, FIG. 2A illustrates an exemplary 3-channel (e.g.,3-wire) solution. This solution, as well as the closed-loop solutiondisclosed above, is described in co-owned and co-pending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/006,992 filed Jan. 7, 2008 and entitled “Methodand Apparatus for Wireless Device Coexistence” previously incorporatedherein. Other approaches may be used with equal success, however,consistent with the present invention.

Referring now to FIG. 2B, another exemplary apparatus 250 forimplementing WLAN/BT coexistence with network capacity enhancementfeatures is shown and described in detail. The apparatus 250 or clientdevice comprises a software 252 and hardware 254 portion similar to theapparatus 230 discussed above with reference to FIG. 2A. The hardwareportion 254 comprises a WLAN module 255 as well as a BT module 256.These modules 255, 256 comprise the radio interfaces (PHYs) for theunderlying network. Within the software portion 252, a WLAN driver 264is in signal communication with the WLAN module 255, while a BT stack262 is in communication with the BT module 256. Note that in contrast tothe previous embodiment discussed, the apparatus 250 of the presentembodiment does not provide any direct physical or logical communicationpaths between the two wireless protocols/modules. The management module260 is in communication with both the WLAN driver 264 and BT stack 262in order to provide the network capacity enhancement features (e.g.,“good neighbor policy”) discussed further herein below.

FIG. 2C illustrates yet another embodiment of an apparatus 270 usefulfor implementing the network capacity enhancement features of thepresent invention. The apparatus 270 is generally similar in logicalfunction to the device of FIG. 2B. However, in the embodiment of FIG.2C, the WLAN module 275 is implemented so that it operates essentiallyindependent of the management module 280. The WLAN driver 284 may forinstance operate in the power saving mode (e.g., PM=2) as the defaultmode, without regard to direct input from the operation of theco-located BT module 276. Here, the management module 280 operates onlyin signal communication with the BT stack 282, and implements the BTduty cycle control scheme.

In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the apparatus 270 of FIG. 2Cmay be implemented in such a way that the management module 280 may pullinformation from the WLAN portion of the device, but may not bepermitted to change any configuration settings for the WLAN driver 284.

Advantageously, the foregoing embodiments of FIGS. 2A-2C are alleffectively “self contained” on the client side; i.e., do not requireany additional support or infrastructure from the AP or other networkcomponents outside the client device. This allows for inclusion of theWLAN/BT management apparatus and functionality directly into the clientdevices, with no infrastructure or other network upgrades required,thereby greatly simplifying implementation of the technology.

FIG. 2D, illustrates yet another embodiment of an apparatus 290 usefulfor implementing the network capacity enhancement features of thepresent invention. While previous embodiments have illustrated themanagement software located in the client device 230, 250, 270, theembodiment of FIG. 2D places the management software 291 within the WLANAP 220. The apparatus 290 comprises a software 292 and hardware portion294 similar to the embodiments discussed previously. Further, amanagement path 295 between the WLAN driver 296 and the BT stack 297exists in order to communicate control information and/or data betweenthe two wireless protocols. As will be discussed more fully hereinbelow, the BT stack 297 (or other high level software process) willissue a request for a reservation of an allocation of network capacity.The request will be communicated via the WLAN module 298, wherein themanagement software 291 located within the AP 320 will either grant ordeny such a request by the BT stack 297. In this manner, the AP acts asthe “manager” of the network so as to implement a policy that benefitseveryone within the network.

The management software 291 may further interact with various otherdevices within the WLAN network (e.g., other WLAN devices 208, 210, orWLAN/BT devices 202, such as shown in FIG. 2 herein) to implement (i)AP-wide policies on BT/WLAN spectrum usage, or (ii) individual controlof WLAN/BT devices 202 so as to cause all such users within the purviewof the AP to enforce “good neighbor” behavior (i.e., their BT interfacesdo not unduly burden or preempt the frequency spectrum use by the WLANinterfaces of those devices 202).

Methods—

Methods of operating the apparatus (e.g., WLAN/BT client devices 230,250, 270, and 290) discussed above with respect to FIGS. 2A-2D are nowdescribed in detail.

As referenced previously herein, two primary variants of the apparatusexist: (i) a first variant wherein the client device operates inpower-saving mode at all times (irrespective of whether the device isutilizing battery power, DC power supplied from an AC wall or inductiveconverter, or both), such that the WLAN interface must in effect be“woken up” whenever a data transmission/reception of significance isrequired; and (ii) a second variant wherein the foregoing scheme isfurther enhanced by management of various operational modes for the BTinterface, in effect throttling the BT interface's use of the spectrumwhen such use would adversely impact WLAN use of the spectrum by theclient device, or other WLAN users in proximity (e.g., on the same AP).These two variants are now discussed individually.

First Variant (Power-Saving Default Mode Alone)—

With regards to the apparatus discussed with reference to, for example,FIG. 2C above, it has been observed that a communication pathway betweena management module 280 and the WLAN driver 284 is not necessary in manycases to enhance network capacity. Specifically, it has been found thatby operating the WLAN interface (driver 284 and module 275) in a powersaving mode as a default mode of operation (e.g., PM=2), general networkcapacity has been adequate for both the WLAN/BT client device 202 aswell as other users 208, 210, 212 on the WLAN network 200 of FIG. 2.

As was discussed previously, prior art WLAN driver chipsets (ICs)typically operate without a power-saving mode (PM=0) when the underlyingdevice is connected to a power supply (e.g., a 120V/240V AC-DC walloutlet), and operate in a power saving mode (PM=2) when the device isoperating on battery power alone. Hence, operating the WLAN driver withPM=2 as the default mode of operation in all conditions, even when theclient device 202 is connected to a “limitless” power supply such as anAC-DC converter, is somewhat counter-intuitive.

Various operating “test” cases performed by the Assignee hereof for thepower-saving mode as the default mode of operation are now discussed indetail. These test cases illustrate, albeit not exhaustively, thevarious combinations of WLAN and/or BT operations between the devices202, 208, 210, 212 of FIG. 2. It is noted that the test resultsdiscussed herein were all conducted when both the client device 202 andthe other client devices 208, 210, 212 were operated in a network 200where the RSSI (received signal strength) was between −60 and −65 dBm.

In a first test case, the client device 202 is idle (i.e. no BT or WLANactivity), and the other devices 208, 210, 212 were as would be expectedable to download data (such as an MP3 from the Assignee's iTunes™ store)using their respective WLAN interfaces at a consistent and desirabledata rate (e.g. 2 Mbps).

In a second test case, the client device 202 is idle with regards to itsBT activity, and both the client device 202 and other devices 208, 210,212 were able to download data via the AP 306 at a consistent anddesirable data rate (e.g. 1 Mbps), albeit less than the previous casedue to more WLAN clients operating in the same spectrum. Again, thisresult is expected considering the idle activity associated with the BTmodule 216.

In a third test case, the client device 202 was streaming audio contentover its BT module from its hard disk drive (HDD) to a BT peripheraldevice 204 using the A2DP profile previously described herein. WLANactivity for this test was idle with respect to the WLAN/BT clientdevice 202. The other devices 208, 210, 212 were able to download dataat a lower data rate (as a result of BT interference), but still at arate that is acceptable; i.e., did not significantly degrade userexperience (e.g. 1.3-1.6 Mbps). Hence, stated differently, the use ofthe BT interface on the WLAN/BT device 202 for an A2DP profile reducedthe peak data rate by about 0.4-0.7 Mbps (2.0-1.6=0.4; 2.0-1.3=0.7,respectively).

In a fourth test case, the client device 202 streamed online audioreceived via its WLAN module over an A2DP audio profile to a BTperipheral device (e.g., headset). The other network client devices 208,210, 212 were able to download data at a constant and acceptable rate(e.g. 0.6-0.9 Mbps). However, the A2DP did experience frequently“dropouts” in this usage scenario.

In a fifth test case, the client device 202 was attempting to streamA2DP over its BT module from its HDD, while at the same time downloadingdata over its WLAN module. The other devices 208, 210, 212 were alsoattempting to download data (such as an audio MP3 file, etc.). In thisusage case, the WLAN data rate was unacceptably low (e.g. 0-0.3 Mbps)for both the client device 202 as well as the other devices 208, 210,212 in the network 200. This clearly illustrates a typical “badneighbor” behavior; i.e., one device 202 largely monopolizing spectrumfor its own BT-related uses to the detriment of its own WLAN interface,and those of other neighboring client devices 208, 210, 212. Inaddition, the A2DP audio stream of this fifth test case was essentiallybroken. In essence, the fifth usage case has overloaded the network 200.

Accordingly, the previous test cases illustrate that while operation ofthe WLAN interface so that it always defaults to a power-saving mode(e.g., PM=2) can provide acceptable operating flexibility withoutsignificant degradation of user experience or data rate for many WLAN/BToperating combinations, some salient operating combinations do existwhere such power-saving default mode operation does not provideacceptable results. Accordingly, for such cases, further methodologiesof the present invention are employed (in addition to maintaining WLANin a default power-saving (PM=2) mode) to enhance the network capacity,so as to provide an acceptable data rate and user experience. It will beappreciated that these additional methodologies may be employed in thecases (e.g., test cases 1-4 described above) where not really needed aswell, so as to further enhance data rate and/or user experience on BTdevices above that achievable with the power-saving default methodologydescribed above alone.

Second Variant (Power-Saving Default Mode Plus Enhanced ManagementFunctions)

Referring now to FIG. 3, a first exemplary methodology 300 for enhancingnetwork capacity in a co-existence environment is shown and described indetail.

At step 302 of the method 300, the management module/software previouslydescribed with respect to the apparatus of FIGS. 2A-2D implements itsnetwork capacity enhancement algorithm, and sets the WLAN driver toimplement a power saving mode (e.g., PM=2) as the default setting forthe WLAN driver, as previously discussed. This power-saving mode isutilized even if the network capacity enhancement apparatus is connectedto a power supply, and essentially keeps the WLAN interface in a “sleep”or reduced power consumption mode whenever possible (i.e., when thedevice is not transmitting data over the WLAN module). Such power-savingor sleep modes may be accomplished using any number of differentwell-known approaches such as e.g., shutting down all or parts of theWLAN interface processor pipeline, shutting down functional modules suchas memory or transceivers, etc.; accordingly, these techniques are notdescribed further herein.

As part of step 302, the BT interface is set to btc_mode=2, which inthis embodiment essentially protects BT transmissions as much aspossible. This heightened protection mode: (i) turns on the BT AdaptiveFrequency Hopping (AFH) feature, (ii) Human Interface Devices (HID) andSCO links are given a high priority, and (iii) A2DP priority inversionis higher than any other btc_mode. It is desirable to maintainbtc_mode=2 when the WLAN is in the power-saving mode, as the BT datatraffic will not impact the WLAN network capacity. Under btc_mode=2, theA2DP priority will increase after a certain number of retries (e.g.P_N=5), and the BT ACL link will also increase priority after a certainnumber of retires (e.g. P_N=10).

At step 304, the received signal strength indication (RSSI) is evaluatedagainst a threshold value S1. One purpose of this evaluation is todetermine the extant power being radiated into the frequency spectrum ofinterest, thereby providing an idea of whether other devices 208, 210,212 are operating in the area. This threshold value can be determinedbased on any one or more applicable networking parameters, and might forinstance comprise a value of −70 dBm. If the measured RSSI is less thanor equal to this threshold value, then BT is set to btc_mode=0 at step306. The mode btc_mode=0 is an operating level that implements a minimumcoexistence scheme. Specifically, in this embodiment: (i) AFH is turnedon, (ii) HID has a high priority, but (iii) the SCO link, A2DP andasynchronous connection-less (ACL) link are given a lower priority thanthe WLAN normal traffic. For instance, if both WLAN and BT A2DP areactive, the client device 202 will turn off coexistence for BT A2DP andACL (however, BT mouse and keyboard may remain protected, so as to avoidsignificant degradation of essential user experience elements such ascontrol of their computer). By turning off coexistence, the networkcapacity is advantageously protected, and the WLAN can maintain itsminimum level of acceptable network traffic capacity. The system thenwaits a predetermined amount of time before returning to step 302.

If the RSSI is not less than a predetermined threshold value, then thenumber of clients connected to the AP is determined at step 308. In onevariant, the client management system will periodically monitor thenetwork status by pinging (messaging or signaling) the AP(IP:XX.XX.XX.FF); e.g., by issuing a PING XX.XX.XX.FF command. Inresponse, the AP informs the client device apparatus how many otherclients are also connected to the AP. If the WLAN/BT client 202 is theonly device connected to the AP, or the number of other clients is belowa predetermined threshold (N), then the algorithm waits a predeterminedtime before restarting the process at step 302. If the number of otherclients connected to the AP exceed the threshold (e.g. one or more otherclients, or N greater than or equal to 1), then the client managementsoftware will implement measures to enhance network capacity, and act asa “good neighbor” to the other client devices at step 310.

At step 310, the management software determines the total duty cycle ofthe client device 202 implementing the co-located wireless protocols.One exemplary approach is in the case where the client has the softwareto manage the AP (such as “Airport Utility AU” for example), then the AUwill report how many clients are connected, and the duty cycle of eachclient. The well known SNMP (simple network management protocol) oranother similar protocol may be used for this purpose. Other approachesmay be used as well, as will be recognized by those of ordinary skill.

In addition, the total duty cycle may be analyzed to determine therelative percentages of the duty cycle used for WLAN and for BT. Thepercentage reserved for BT uses is determined using in one variant arequest-to-send/clear-to-send (RTS)/CTS2SELF scheme, although otherapproaches may be used as well. In effect, the BT interface is askingpermission of the management module on how much of the duty cycle it canutilize (and when). In one scenario, the BT interface sends a request tothe WLAN interface, if the WLAN has the permission to own the network(i.e., if it has received packet from AP for Request to Send), and thenthe WLANinterface will send “CTS2SELF” packet to the AP to inform the APwhen and how long it wants to “hold the air time”. Then WLAN interfacethen further informs the BT interface to use that air time.

The WLAN/BT percentage values are stored in memory where they may belogged, or overwritten following the next duty cycle analysis iteration.

At step 312, the overall duty cycle is evaluated against a thresholdvalue T1. The BT duty cycle is then evaluated against a threshold valueT2. In some embodiments, the latter determination may be contingent onthe overall duty cycle exceeding the threshold value T1. If both theoverall duty cycle and BT duty cycle exceed their respective thresholdvalues, then corrective action is taken, and the btc_mode parameter isset to a prescribed value (e.g., 1) at step 314.

Under this second coexistence scheme (i.e., btc_mode=1): (i) the BT AFHis turned on, (ii) HID and SCO are given a high priority, however (iii)A2DP is given a reduced priority, and (iv) the ACL link is furtherreduced. In one exemplary embodiment, the A2DP priority is reduced (ascompared to btc_mode=2), and will only increase in priority after ahigher number of retries (e.g. P_N=10). Similarly, the ACL priority isreduced (as compared to btc_mode=2), and will only increase in priorityafter a higher number of retries (e.g. P_N=15).

Alternatively, or in addition to the aforementioned measures, the A2DPaudio quality may be reduced by e.g., reducing the audio bitpool, orother measures which can reduce the bandwidth necessary to carry theaudio data (e.g., lower bitrate or more lossy codec).

Periodically, the foregoing process will be repeated so as to keep themanagement process/algorithm apprised of current network conditions, andrespond appropriately by dynamically adjusting the duty cycle of theclient device 202. The aforementioned management algorithm monitors theBT duty cycle closely, and if the BT module requests an amount ofbandwidth that will reduce WLAN network capacity beyond an acceptablelevel, the coexistence scheme discussed above will reject the request(or provide as much bandwidth as then available consistent with notdetracting from WLAN network capacity).

It will also be appreciated that while the methodology of FIG. 3utilizes a threshold-based RSSI evaluation to implement its BT modulecontrol logic, other parameters and approaches may be used with equalsuccess.

Referring now to FIG. 4, a second exemplary methodology 400 forenhancing network capacity in a co-existence environment is shown anddescribed in detail. Notably, the methodology of FIG. 4 reliesexclusively on enhancing network capacity via information known withinthe client device itself.

At step 402, the management software implements the network capacityenhancement algorithm and sets the WLAN driver to implement apower-saving mode (PM=2) as the default setting for the WLAN driver, aspreviously discussed. Alternatively, the power-saving mode default modesetting may be preset by the WLAN driver chipset manufacturer. Aspreviously noted, this power-saving mode is utilized even if the networkcapacity enhancement apparatus is connected to a limitless power supply(e.g., wall converter), and essentially keeps the WLAN in a sleep modewhenever it is possible (i.e. when the device is not transmitting dataover the WLAN module). The BT module is set to btc_mode=2, whichprotects BT transmissions to a maximal degree. As discussed with respectto FIG. 3, this heightened protection mode: (i) turns Adaptive FrequencyHopping (AFH) on, (ii) Human Interface Devices (HID) and SCO link aregiven a high priority, and (iii) and A2DP priority inversion is higherthan any other btc_mode scheme. As before, it is desirable to maintainbtc_mode=2 when the WLAN is in the power-save mode, and underbtc_mode=2, A2DP and BT ACL link priorities will increase after arespective certain number of retries.

Optionally, the received signal strength indication (RSSI) is evaluatedagainst a threshold value S1 as part of the method 400, as was discussedwith respect to FIG. 3. If the RSS is less than or equal to thisthreshold value, then the BT interface is set to btc_mode=0, wherein:(i) AFH is turned on, (ii) HID has a high priority, but (iii) the SCOlink, A2DP and asynchronous connection-less (ACL) link are given a lowerpriority than the WLAN normal traffic. For instance, if both WLAN and BTA2DP are active, the client device 202 will turn off coexistence for BTA2DP and ACL (the BT mouse and keyboard functions will remainprotected). The system would then wait a predetermined amount of timebefore returning to step 402.

At step 404, the management software determines the total duty cycle ofthe client device 202 as discussed above. In addition, the total dutycycle is analyzed to determine the relative percentages of the dutycycle used for WLAN and for BT. The percentage utilized to reserve forits BT is determined using an RTS/CTS2SELF or other such scheme. As withthe method 300 of FIG. 3, these values are stored in memory in theclient device where they may be logged, or overwritten following thenext duty cycle analysis iteration.

At step 406, the overall duty cycle is evaluated against a thresholdvalue T1. The BT duty cycle is then evaluated against a threshold valueT2. In some embodiments, the latter determination may be made contingenton the overall duty cycle exceeding the threshold value T1. If both theoverall duty cycle and BT duty cycle exceed there respective thresholdvalues, then corrective action is taken, and btc_mode is set to a valueof either 1 or 0 at step 408, as discussed in greater detail below. Ifone or more of the duty cycles are not exceeded, the system will waitbefore returning to step 404 where the WLAN and BT duty cycle are againrecorded.

With btc_mode set to a value of 1: (i) the BT AFH is turned on, (ii) HIDand SCO are given a high priority, however (iii) A2DP is given a reducedpriority, and (iv) the ACL link priority is further reduced (as comparedwith btc_mode=2). In one exemplary embodiment, the A2DP priority isincreased after a certain number of retries (e.g. P_N=10) while the ACLpriority is also increased after a higher number of retries (e.g.P_N=15). Alternatively, or in addition to the aforementioned measures,the A2DP audio quality may be reduced by reducing the audio bitpool,bitrate, etc. as previously described. This process will be periodicallyrepeated so as to keep the management algorithm apprised of currentnetwork conditions, and respond appropriately by dynamically adjustingthe duty cycle. The aforementioned algorithm again monitors the BT dutycycle and arbitrates BT requests for bandwidth as previously discussedwith respect to the method 300 of FIG. 3.

Referring now to FIG. 5, a third exemplary methodology 500 for enhancingnetwork capacity in a co-existence environment is shown and described indetail. At step 502, the management software implements the networkcapacity enhancement algorithm and sets the WLAN driver to implement apower saving mode (PM=2) as the default setting for the WLAN driver, orthe power saving mode default mode setting could be preset by the WLANdriver chipset manufacturer as noted above. Again, this power savingmode is utilized even if the network capacity enhancement apparatus isconnected to a limitless power supply and essentially keeps the WLAN ina sleep mode whenever it is possible. The BT module is set tobtc_mode=2, which essentially protects BT transmissions to the maximaldegree as discussed previously.

At step 504, the client device 202 desires to utilize a BT resource, andissues a request through the WLAN module/PHY to an AP 206 (see FIG. 2)in communication with the client device 202. In one instance, therequest might comprise a request to utilize the A2DP audio profile tostream content from the Internet to a BT peripheral such as a headset.Alternatively, the request might be to utilize a BT-enabled mouse and/orkeyboard. Myriad other requests will be appreciated by those of ordinaryskill given the present disclosure as well.

At step 506, the WLAN AP receives the request from the client device 202asking for permission to utilize a BT resource on that client device.The AP performs its relevant analysis; e.g., in one embodiment,determining the number of clients presently connected to that AP 206. Ifthe requesting client device 202 is the only device connected to the AP,the AP may issue a response to the requesting client device which grantspermission to utilize the BT resources available on the client device.If the client device is not the only device connected to the AP, the APwill next determine one or more network operating parameters at step508.

At step 508, the AP determines whether the overall duty cycle exceeds afirst threshold value T1, and if it does, the AP next determines whetherthe BT duty cycle will exceed a second threshold T2 if it grants the BTuse request from the requesting client device 202. Alternatively, the APmay determine both the overall duty cycle, WLAN duty cycle, and/or theBT duty cycle against a given network capacity function to determinewhether or not it should grant the request. For instance, if therequesting client device 202 was seeking permission to utilize a BTconnection for a wireless mouse and/or keyboard, the AP may “feelconfident” that the requested BT resource(s) would not degrade networkcapacity enough to affect user experience on the network. Accordingly,the AP would grant the request to the requesting client device.

On the other hand, if the requesting client device requests to utilizethe A2DP audio profile to stream content from the client device HDD, theAP might determine that the requested BT resource would degrade networkcapacity enough to significantly affect user experience, and the APwould reject the request.

It will be appreciated that myriad other algorithms could be utilized bythe AP of this embodiment (and in fact the management processes of otherembodiments previously described) to determine or estimate whether therequested resource would degrade network capacity and/or user experiencebeyond an acceptable level, the foregoing algorithm being merelyillustrative of the broader principles of the invention. For example,the aforementioned determinations of degradation of capacity anduser-experience may be pre-strode within the managementmodule/algorithm, such that when a prescribed set of conditions are met,the same decision results (e.g., “go” or “no go” on granting therequest). Alternatively, the determination can be structured so as to bedynamic and “living”; i.e., the management algorithm collects necessaryor available data, and analyzes this data ad hoc so as to determine aresult which may be unique to that particular circumstance, and withoutreference to a pre-stored result or logic. Moreover, the decisions madeby the management algorithm may be structured according to any number ofdifferent logic paradigms or constructs; e.g., discrete logic (“yes/no”or “grant/no grant”), fizzy logic (e.g., “grant none/grant some/grantall”), Dempster-Shaefer, etc. Hence, the management logic can beliterally as sophisticated or simplistic as desired, and in fact maydynamically switch back and forth between alternative logical routineswhen one is better adapted to a particular data set obtained for a givencircumstance (i.e., some decision processes may be better suited todifferent types of available information).

In an alternative embodiment, the AP 206 could comprise auser-selectable group of parameters. These parameters could be selectedby a user of the AP (or the network administrator for the AP) todetermine what levels of service need to be provided by the networkcarried by the AP. For instance, in QoS-intensive applications, thenetwork administrator might request a high level of service for thenetwork, and hence would implement a stricter policy when consideringwhether or not to grant a request to utilize a BT resource on a clientdevice. Similarly, where WLAN data traffic speed or continuity ispreeminent, the BT-related requests might be limited to only “essential”BT applications such as e.g., keyboard or mouse functions (the networkadministrator can decide or populate the AP listing with the profileshe/she believes are “essential”, for example.

Conversely, in applications where data throughput is not of a highconcern, and user flexibility/experience in terms of being able to usemultiple PAN/BT devices simultaneously is paramount, the grant policymay be more permissive allowing a wider range of requests for a BTresource.

Moreover, the AP policies may be enforced on a sliding scale of sorts;e.g., variable levels of allocation as a function of network conditions,such as where a minimum level of BT bandwidth is allocated to a clientdevice 202 under a first network condition, but that allocation isincreased as more bandwidth is freed up (such as by one or more WLANdevices 208, 210, 212 leaving the AP).

In yet another alternative, these user-selectable parameters may bespecified by the user of the client device 202 irrespective of the AP206. For instance, a user might decide that in their home network thatthey want greater latitude and flexibility to utilize BT resources ontheir client device. Accordingly, the client device 202 itself (alongwith its management software) is configured to be more permissive inallowing the client device to utilize BT resources, even where thatresource may degrade network capacity in the user's home network.

A software or other switch (e.g., GUI icon or mechanism) may also beused to invoke user-based changes to rule or policy sets. For example, atoolbar or on-screen icon may be displayed on the user's PC or laptopthat permits them to change between AP rule sets or profiles (e.g., a“Bluetooth priority” profile which prioritizes BT functions, versus a“WLAN priority” profile, which prioritizes WLAN data rate). Suchprofiles may also be user-, application-, or location-specific.

Methods of Doing Business—

In another aspect of the invention, methods of doing business relatingto the aforementioned apparatus and operational methods are disclosed.

In one embodiment (see FIG. 6), the method 600 comprises providing(e.g., selling for valuable consideration) portable computers such aslaptops, PDAs, smartphones, or other client devices or services (e.g.,the Apple MacBook Air™ laptop computer, or Apple TV™ set-top box andservice, provided by the Assignee hereof) that have include the networkcapacity enhancement features discussed previously herein. Specifically,as shown in FIG. 6, the client device configuration is first determinedper step 602, including selection of various options by a consumer. Thismay be accomplished for example via the Internet (e.g., using an on-lineconfiguration interface or “wizard” or routine) which allows thecustomer to configure their prospective device according to any numberof different options (“builds”).

At step 604, a first option is presented to the user. This first optionmight be for instance directed to a fixed configuration for applicationswhere the number of users attached to a given AP at any given time wouldbe expected to be low (e.g. residential applications). Accordingly, theparameters selected for evaluation and thresholds for triggering certainconfigurations as discussed above (e.g. the number of A2DP and ACLretries, btc_mode thresholds, RSSI, etc.) will be set according toexpectations or assumptions about the environment in which the devicewill be utilized. For instance, in the context of the aforementionedresidential application, it may be desirable to worry less about WLANnetwork capacity and instead implement more permissive policies withregards to using a BT peripheral device. The selection of this option ineffect inserts a profile, thereby obviating the user having tohand-select or configure one or more parameters or thresholds (as in theuser-configurable option of step 608 discussed below).

Conversely, in an enterprise (e.g., corporate) environment, WLAN datacapacity may be paramount. As another alternative, military orgovernment applications may wish to frustrate or dissuade use of BTprofiles that have limited security (e.g., encryption or authentication)features so as to prevent spoofing, man-in-the-middle, or othersurreptitious attacks which might result in divulgence of sensitive orclassified materials. Hence, at step 606, a second option is presentedto the user; for instance, for a fixed configuration for applicationswhere the number of users attached to a given AP at any given time,and/or the number of APs expected to exist in a limited space, would beexpected to be high (e.g. commercial applications). Accordingly, theparameters and/or thresholds for triggering certain configurations asdiscussed above may be different than those for the first option of step604. Again, substantially automatic configuration is provided with thisoption, as with the first option of step 604.

At step 608, a user may select a user-configurable option. Thisuser-configurable option might be for a more advanced or experienceduser who wishes to select various options (e.g. the number of A2DP andACL retries, btc_mode thresholds, RSSI, etc.) according to any givenoperating environment. By providing a user-configurable option, the usermight for instance be able to utilize more permissive or alternatively,more restrictive policies with regards to BT peripheral device usage andchange between policies whenever desired. They can also choose theparameter set/values most relevant to their particular circumstance. Thepresent invention also envisions the use of a “management macrogenerator/editor” or the like which would allow the advanced user thecapability to generate customized logical rules or policies to beimplemented by the management module of their device.

In another aspect of the invention, consumers may bring back theiralready purchased client devices (e.g., laptops, smartphones, PDAs,etc.) for or after reconfiguration so as to have them “re-optimized” forthe new configuration. Alternatively, the user's device may beconfigured with its own indigenous evaluation/optimization capability aspreviously described above. For example, a laptop user might install aWi-Fi card themselves if their production device was not so equipped.With the new card, there may be significant interference with anotherexisting or co-installed air interface, or between an extant BTinterface and other WLAN devices, hence requiring network capacityenhancement optimization according to the methods described herein.

It will be recognized that while certain aspects of the invention aredescribed in terms of a specific sequence of steps of a method, thesedescriptions are only illustrative of the broader methods of theinvention, and may be modified as required by the particularapplication. Certain steps may be rendered unnecessary or optional undercertain circumstances. Additionally, certain steps or functionality maybe added to the disclosed embodiments, or the order of performance oftwo or more steps permuted. All such variations are considered to beencompassed within the invention disclosed and claimed herein.

While the above detailed description has shown, described, and pointedout novel features of the invention as applied to various embodiments,it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changesin the form and details of the device or process illustrated may be madeby those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. Theforegoing description is of the best mode presently contemplated ofcarrying out the invention. This description is in no way meant to belimiting, but rather should be taken as illustrative of the generalprinciples of the invention. The scope of the invention should bedetermined with reference to the claims.

1. A method of operating a portable device comprising at least first andsecond air interfaces that are contentious for at least a portion of afrequency spectrum, the method comprising: operating said first airinterface so as to communicate data using said at least portion of saidfrequency spectrum; operating said second air interface so it defaultsin all conditions to a power saving mode when not in use so as to reducea duty cycle of said second air interface, said power saving mode andsaid reduced duty cycle mitigating interference with said first airinterface within said at least portion of said spectrum, but also addingat least some latency to at least one of data transmission or receptionusing said second air interface; and wherein said power saving modecomprises shutting down one or more elements of the second airinterface.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said operation of saidsecond air interface so that it defaults to said power saving mode isconducted irrespective of whether said portable device is coupled to anexternal power source, or operating only on an internal power source. 3.The method of claim 1, wherein: said operating said first air interfaceusing said at least portion of said frequency spectrum comprisesoperating a Bluetooth-compliant air interface using a portion of saidspectrum located at least proximate to a frequency of 2.4 GHz; and saidoperating said second air interface comprises operating aWi-Fi-compliant air interface.
 4. A method of operating a portabledevice comprising at least first and second air interfaces that arecontentious for at least a portion of a frequency spectrum, the methodcomprising operating said second air interface so that it defaults to apower-saving mode of operation regardless of the power supply to saidportable device, said power-saving mode reducing a duty cycle of saidsecond air interface with said power-saving mode and reduced duty cycleresulting in reduced interference with said first air interface whensaid first air interface is operating in an active mode, said reducedinterference and reduced duty cycle comprising a trade-off with anincreased latency of active-mode operation of said second interface. 5.A portable device, comprising: a first wireless module in communicationwith a first network operating under a first wireless protocol; a secondwireless module in communication with a second network operating under asecond wireless protocol; and a management module adapted to receive:first data related to a duty cycle of at least one of said first andsecond wireless protocol modules; and second data related to anoperational profile of said first network; wherein said managementmodule is adapted to dynamically adjust at least one operating parameterof said first or said second wireless protocol modules based at least inpart on said first and second data; and wherein said management moduleoperates at least one of said first and second wireless protocol modulesso that it defaults to a power saving mode when not in use therebyreducing duty cycle of said at least one of said first and secondwireless protocol modules, said reduced duty cycle mitigating saidinterference, but also adding at least some latency to at least one ofdata transmission or reception using said at least one of said first andsecond wireless protocol modules.
 6. The portable device of claim 5,wherein said operation profile of said first network comprises thenumber of users on said first network.
 7. The portable device of claim6, wherein said management module is configured to select a firstoperating parameter of the at least one operating parameter if thenumber of users is greater than one, and a select a second operatingparameter of the at least one operating parameter if the number of usersis equal to one.
 8. The portable device of claim 5, wherein saidoperation profile of said first network comprises a received signalstrength indication associated with said first network.
 9. The portabledevice of claim 5, wherein said operating parameter comprises aplurality of discrete modes.
 10. The portable device of claim 9, whereinat least one of said plurality of discrete modes disables an operationalprofile or mode of said second wireless module.
 11. The portable deviceof claim 10, wherein said first wireless protocol comprises an IEEE-Std.802.11 wireless protocol.
 12. The portable device of claim 11, whereinsaid second wireless protocol comprises Bluetooth, and said operationalprofile or mode comprises the A2DP operational profile.
 13. The portabledevice of claim 5, wherein said first module comprises a Wi-Fi module,said second module comprises a Bluetooth module, and said portabledevice comprises a laptop or handheld computer having a clamshell-likeouter housing, the maximal thickness of said housing when in a closedstate being less than 0.80 inches.
 14. The portable device of claim 5,wherein said first module comprises a Wi-Fi module, said second modulecomprises a Bluetooth module, and said portable device comprises ahandheld computerized device having a cellular telephony interface and atouch screen user interface.
 15. A portable computerized apparatusadapted for powering by a fixed power supply or a portable power supply,comprising: a first wireless module adapted for communication with oneor more external devices using a first wireless protocol; a firstmanagement module in signal communication with said first wirelessmodule; and a second wireless module adapted for communication with oneor more external devices using a second wireless protocol, said secondwireless protocol different than said first wireless protocol; whereinsaid first management module comprises a default value comprising apower saving mode that reduces a duty cycle of said second wirelessmodule, said default value implemented when said portable computerizedapparatus is powered by said fixed power supply and when portablecomputerized apparatus is powered by said portable power supply; andwherein said reduced duty cycle mitigates interference, but also adds atleast some latency to at least one of data transmission or receptionusing said second wireless module.
 16. The portable apparatus of claim15, wherein said first wireless protocol comprises a Bluetooth protocol,and said second wireless protocol comprises a Wi-Fi protocol.